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( 10) in their analysis demonstrated a higher risk of CHD (RR: 1.54 95% CI: 1.14–2.09) among people with diabetes. However, those who ate 1+ egg per day were 42% more likely to develop DM and among those with DM frequent egg consumption was associated with increased CVD comorbidity (HR: 1.69 95% CI: 1.09–2.62). ( 12) did not demonstrate that elevated risk for CHD, stroke, or mortality with egg consumption. Data on the association of egg consumption with CVD (cardiovascular disease) outcomes have been inconsistent. Longitudinal data from various population-based studies have shown a steady increase in HF risk secondary to CHD and DM ( 5, 19, 20). In addition, results of sensitivity analysis did not alter the main conclusion.ĭata from our study are somewhat consistent with prior studies. Analyzed as per 1 SD difference in dietary pattern score or per 1 daily serving difference in food group intakeġ,140 total (differential data not available)įour groups: 0–3/month, 1–2/week, 3–6/week, and 1+/dayīased on the findings of this meta-analysis, frequent egg consumption was associated with a higher risk of incident HF. No of subjects (lowest vs highest category) In case of a disagreement, the discrepancies were resolved by group discussion between the reviewers. Each author used the same template to extract first author’s name, year of publication, country where study was conducted, population characteristics (mean age and range, gender proportion, number of DM, sample size), study design (cohort vs case–control), mean follow-up, categories of egg consumption, person-time of follow-up within each category of egg consumption for cohort, statistical method used to obtain effect size (logistic regression vs Cox proportional hazard model), covariates adjusted for, and relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI).Įach author used the same template to extract first author’s name, year of publication, region of study, population characteristics, mean follow-up, categories of egg consumption, statistical method used (Cox proportional hazard model), covariates adjusted for (age, education, physical activity, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, history of DM, atrial fibrillation, HTN, etc.), and RR with 95% CI. We, therefore, conducted this meta-analysis of population bases prospective cohort studies to examine the association of egg consumption with incident HF in humans.ĭata for each study were abstracted by an investigator (Owais Khawaja) and were confirmed by a second investigator (Hemindermeet Singh). This can help reduce not only the overall morbidity and mortality as well as the healthcare costs related to HF. Identification of simple and inexpensive yet effective strategies to help prevent incident HF can be of paramount importance. However, data on the association of egg consumption with incident HF have been conflicting ( 16– 18). In a recent meta-analysis, frequent egg consumption was also shown to be associated with incident DM ( 15). Dietary choline has been associated with increased trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) production, which in turn may be an important predictor of CHD ( 8).Īlthough data on the association of egg consumption with CHD or stroke are inconsistent in the general population ( 9– 11), an increased risk for CHD, stroke, and mortality has been noted among those with DM ( 12– 14). In addition, they are an important source of various beneficial minerals and nutrients like vitamin A, vitamin D, calcium, xanthophyll, and folate ( 7). Eggs are an important source of phosphatidylcholine in human diet ( 6). Overall, CHD has been shown to account for about 62% (68% in men and 56% in women) of all HF cases.

The traditional risk factors for HF include coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), cigarette smoking, obesity, dietary sodium intake, and valvular heart disease ( 5). HF has a major economic impact with total projected cost by year 2030 being $69.7 billion, an increase from estimated $30.7 billion for the year 2012 ( 4). Although, survival after HF diagnosis has improved over the years, death rate continues to remain high at ~50% within 5 years ( 3).

The incidence of HF approaches 10 per 1,000 population after 65 years of age and remains high around 20% at 80 years of age ( 2).

Heart failure (HF) is highly prevalent in clinical practice affecting Americans ≥20 years of age ( 1).

Comprehensive meta analysis 2.2.064 download